Suhas P. Kulkarni

Self assessed symptoms and risk factors of anemia in urban school going adolescent girls

Kulkarni S.P.¹

¹Dr. Suhas P. Kulkarni, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Suhas P. Kulkarni, 240, Ruikar colony, City: Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Email: drspk_2000@yahoo.com

Abstract

Introduction: Anemia prevalence is very high in adolescent girls. Anemia detection is not done adequately due to non specific symptoms. Risk factors for anemia have been identified and taken care of but still the prevalence rate remains same. Methods: A questionnaire based study was conducted at urban school in Kolhapur city in adolescent girls. The questionnaire was filled by the students themselves to find out the symptoms suggestive of anemia. Hemoglobin estimation was done by finger prick method. Results: 81 girls gave consent to the study. The anemia was present in 70.3% girls, 23% of the girls had severe anemia. There was no association between symptoms (breathlessness, anorexia, and weakness, lack of concentration, palpitation, giddiness, nails, and edema) and anemia. There was no association between risk factors (worm infestations, education of mother and education of father, menstrual problems) and anemia. In severe anemia cases also there was no association between self assessed symptoms and risk factors and anemia. Conclusion: Prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls remains high. In adolescent girls perception of symptoms of anemia is very poor. Hence there is need to examine hemoglobin concentration actively every year. Education regarding iron rich food should be given. The hemoglobin level of each and every adolescent should be recorded in progress report so as to make students, parents and teachers aware. A hemoglobin day should be observed in the whole country like pulse polio to increase awareness in the community at large.

Key words: Adolescent, Anemia, Risk factors, Symptoms

Manuscript received: 15th March 2017, Reviewed: 24th March 2017
Author Corrected: 30th March 2017, Accepted for Publication: 6th April 2017

Introduction

Anemia is a condition in which number of red blood cells and their oxygen carrying capacity is insufficient to meet body’s physiological needs [1]. There are many studies regarding anemia in children below 5 years and in pregnant women. There are many programmes for these groups [2]. Surprisingly there are few studies about association of clinical symptoms and signs of anemia in adolescent girls which remain undetected. The prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls varies from 21% to 69% in various studies [3, 4].

Nutritional needs increase during adolescence in girls which are not taken care of. This leads to various consequences such as stunting. Anemia remains one of the major consequence due to neglect of nutrition in adolescent girls [4].

WHO identifies adolescent from age 10—19 years. The period of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood [5].The anemia affects growth of the adolescent girl. It causes decrease in school performance and memory. If the anemia remains untreated later on in pregnancy it can causes fetal mortality, morbidity and increased incidence of low birth weight babies [6]. In India District Kolhapur is having one of the best per capita incomes. Most of the health indicators have improved [7]. Hence there is needed to focus on others parameters such as anemia in adolescent girls.

The symptoms and signs of anemia described in the standard textbook are tiredness, lassitude, easy fatiguability, generalized muscular weakness as the earliest symptoms of anemia. Patient can present as poor feeding, irritability and inadequate school performance. The most characteristic sign of anemia is pallor. Dyspnea on exertion, palpitation is common symptoms [8].

The symptoms of anemia develop on two main factors, the rate of development of anemia and state of cardiovascular system of the patient. Symptoms do not usually occur if the development of anemia is slow. Hence to address this issue of whether the anemia in adolescent girls is developing without symptoms or the symptoms are present but are neglected by the adolescents and parents this study was carried out. There are studies on symptoms and causes of anemia. But there are few studies about self assessed symptoms of anemia and prevalence of anemia highlighting the importance that anemia can be present without symptoms [8].

Aims and Objectives

To determine association of self assessed symptoms and risk factors with anemia in adolescent girls.

Materials and Methods

Study design: Cross sectional study
Setting: This study was carried out by conducting a camp about anemia in an urban school in city of Kolhapur.

Inclusion criteria: Adolescent girls whose parents gave written consent for the study and which are studying in urban school in Kolhapur city.

Exclusion criteria: Adolescent girls who were not willing to participate in the study.
Participants: Girls studying in urban school of Kolhapur city.
Variables: Variables were hemoglobin in gms, symptoms of anemia, and risk factors of anemia
Data source: Questionnaires filled by the adolescent girls studying in urban school and hemoglobin done by finger prick method.

Bias: Since this was a self assessed questionnaire based study and finger prick method was used for hemoglobin estimation bias in detection of cases can be there.

Study size: With the prevalence of anemia around 50% and considering the alpha = 0.05 and beta =0.80 the sample size is around is around 384 .Hence 350 girls were approached but 81 consented for the study.

Statistical Methods: For the purpose of statistical analysis, those with hemoglobin < 12 g/dl were categorized as anemia. Association was found out by calculating odds ratio and relative risk was estimated. P value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

WHO cut off values of assessing anemia in adolescent girls.
NORMAL: >12gm/dl
Mild Anemia: 11gm to 11.9gm/dl
Moderate Anemia: > 8 gm to <10.9 gm
Severe Anemia: <8gm/dl [1]

This study was carried out by a questionnaire in Marathi Language. The questionnaire was given a day prior to obtain consent of parents. It was filled by the students. Verbal assent of the student was taken. The study was approved by the ethical committee.

Haemoglobin concentration was done by finger prick method under aseptic precautions. Data compiled and analyzed after collection of data. It was coded and entered into Microsoft excel. Association between categorical variables was tested chi-square test and P value < 0.5 was taken as significant.
Results
A cross sectional study was conducted to find out prevalence of anemia, clinical symptoms and associated risk factors among adolescent girls. Total 81 girls took part in study. The percentage of anemia was 70.37 %. Out of 81 girls, 19 girls had severe anemia 23%

Self assessed symptoms (breathlessness ,anemia ,weakness ,lack of concentration ,palpitation ,giddiness, nails , edema) did not show any significant association with anemia (table 1).Risk factors worm infestations ,education of mother, education of father ,menstrual problems did not show any significant association with anemia (Table2).

Table-1: Association of symptoms with anemia

Serial Number	character	Odds ratio	RR	P value*
1	Breathlessness	1.19	1.158	P =1.0
2	Anorexia	1.41	1.26	P=0.61
3	weakness	1.754	1.516	P=0.42
4	Lack of concentration	1.5	1.26	P=0.46
5	palpitation	0.98	0.98	P=1.0
6	Giddiness	0.42	0.56	P=0.41
7	Nails	1.30	00	P=1.00
8	Edema	1.30	00	P=1.00

*p value <0.05 significant

Table-2: Association of risk factors with anemia

Serial Number	Character	Odds ratio	RR	P value*
1	Menstrual problems	1.736	1.684	P=1.00
2	Education(father)	-	-	P=0.33
3	Worm infestation	2.21	2.10	P=0.66
4	Education(Mother)	-	-	P=0.30

*P value<0.05 significant

Table-3: Association of self assessed symptoms and severe anemia

Serial Number	Character	Odds ratio	RR	P value*
1.	breathlessness	-	0.50	P=0.50
2.	anorexia	0.271	0.39	P=0.057
3.	weakness	0.60	0.68	P=0.56
4.	Lack of concentration	0.88	0.03	P=1.0
5.	Palpitation	1.47	1.39	P=0.69
6.	Giddiness	1.34	1.30	P=0.66
7.	Edema	1.05	-	P=1.00

*P value < 0.05 significant

Table-4: Association of risk factors with severe anemia

Serial Number	Risk factor	Odds ratio	Relative risk	P value*
1.	Worm infestation	1.70	1.30	P=0.66
2.	Education (father)			P=0.24
3.	Education(Mother)			P=0.28
4.	Menstrual problem	2.31		P=0.33

*P value < 0.05 significant

When self assessed symptoms (breathlessness ,anorexia ,weakness ,lack of concentration ,palpitation ,giddiness, nails, edema) were assessed in severe anemia ,still they did not show any association (Table 3). Risk factors like worm infestations ,education of mother ,education of father ,menstrual problems did not show any significant association with severe anemia(table 4).

Discussion

Anemia remains a public health concern in developing countries .In our study the percentage of anemia in adolescent girls as found to be 70.37 % which is very high.

Dutta et al 2009 found prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in rural areas to be 61 %. The associated factors were excessive menstruation, worm infestation, history of malaria, vegetarian diet [9]. Sudhagandhi et al observed 52.88 % anemia in adolescents. Mild Anemia, 30.4 %, Moderate Anaemia-37.33 %, no severe Anemia was detected. Anemia in girls was 67.77% which was similar to our study [10].

Surprisingly anemia was found in 43.52% girls studying in Medical and Paramedical courses at Ahmadabad [11]. Symptoms and signs significantly associated were palpitations, breathlessness, conjunctival pallor, tongue pallor, nail pallor. But in this study girls were from Medical and Paramedical colleges. In our study participants were urban school going adolescent girls. This may be the reason of lack of association with symptoms

In an urban cross sectional study in Mumbai Vani et al found prevalence Anemia 78.3% among adolescent girls similar to our study [12]. Study participants were daughters of Government Class IV employees residing in Government Housing Colony of tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, which indicates poor knowledge regarding anemia and Iron rich foo. According to Teji K et al Nutritional status of the adolescent girls was associated with anemia [13].

Angadi et al tried to find out knowledge, attitude and practice about anemia amongst adolescent girls in urban slums, they concluded that good knowledge but poor attitude and practice towards anemia in adolescent girls which may be the reason for persistence of anemia in adolescent girls in urban area [14]. In a hospital based study Thomas et al found Iron, folate and vitamin b12 deficiency in 30.5 %, 79.5 % and 50% of adolescent respectively. So they concluded folate, vitamin B12 deficiency are more common in adolescent girls [15]. As this was tertiary care hospital based study vitamin B12 deficiency may have scored more than other deficiencies.

Government in 2012 -2013 started weekly Iron and Folic acid supplementation programme. (WIFS) [16] to decrease the high prevalence of anemia in girls and boys. The long term goal was to break the intergenerational cycle of anemia. Malhotra S observed that there was a resistance to uptake of WIFS programme in India. Due to side effects of drugs, negative impact of mass media and failure to learn from earlier successful Public Health Programme [17]. Hema et al found stomach pain in 41%, nausea, vomiting in24.5%, disliking of tablets 22.3% in 9th and 10th standard students. Benefits which were observed were improvement in symptoms like reduced fatigue, increased appetite, improved concentration, reduced giddiness and regularization of the menstruation after consuming IFA tablets [18].

Shah et al by a novel way with the help of peer educators at community levels in tribal area gave Iron folic acid supplementation which resulted in 21% decrease in anemia in adolescent girls [19]. Susheela et al found an inverse relationship in the urine fluoride and Haemoglobin level .The consumption of fluoride may affect adolescent girls adversely. Withdrawal of fluoride from consumption possibly corrected the damage caused to the gastrointestinal mucosa /microvillus which leads to absorption of nutrients including Iron and improvement in anemia [20].

Salam et al did a systematic review of interventions to improve anemia with micro nutrients. Supplementation with Iron, Folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin A, Zinc, Calcium and Vitamin D can decrease anemia in adolescent girls. Thus there can be risk factors other than previously thought or there could be appearance of new risk factors yet to be detected [21].

According to BRINDA Project (biomarkers reflecting inflammation and nutritional determinants of anemia)although Iron deficiency is considered to be the most common risk factor micronutrient deficiencies ,Vitamin A ,Folic acid,VitaminB12,infections,intestinal parasites, Malaria ,HIV and Inherited RBC defect can be associated with anemia . Serum Ferritin level has been considered as primary measure of Iron status .Anemia can be divided into low inflammatory state and high inflammatory state. Hence inflammatory bio-markers such as Serum Ferritin and Serum transferrin receptors (stfr) may be measured along with nutrient markers. Therefore region wise and country wise programmes should be developed to treat anemia [22].

Hence we conclude that Anemia amongst urban adolescent girls in private school remains a major health problem. Perception of symptoms of anemia is very poor by the adolescent girls hence anemia remains undetected and adolescent girls with anemia are not approaching health services for the treatment. Also there may be change in risk factors causing anemia which should be identified and treated accordingly.

Hence there is need to actively examine Haemoglobin concentration of these girls every year .Also there is need to give education regarding iron reach foods and it should be made part of the curriculum. We suggest recording of haemoglobin level of each and every student every year in the Progress Card so as to make the student, parents and teachers aware. Similar to Pulse Polio program, ‘A HAEMOGLOBIN DAY’ should be observed in all schools on which haemoglobin estimation and IEC activities about anemia should be carried out. Also further research is needed to find out precise causes of anemia in adolescent girls and treated. Blanket treatment with iron folic acid probably has not resulted in significant improvement in anemia in adolescent girls. Private schools in urban area are probably not covered by the program which should be done.

The Limitations of the study are small sample size, symptoms were not reviewed by physicians and study sample was from single school.

Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Mrs. Meera Kulkarni for helping to conduct the camp and collection of data from the students.

Funding: Nil, Conflict of interest: None initiated
Permission from IRB: Yes

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How to cite this article?

Kulkarni S.P. Self assessed symptoms and risk factors of anemia in urban school going adolescent girls. J PediatrRes.2017;4(04):249-254.doi:10. 17511/ijpr.2017.04.01.