Shivanagouda J.1, Gayathri K.2, Roopa B.N.3
1Dr. Shivanagouda J, Assistant Professor, 2Dr. Gayathri K, Post Graduate student, 3Dr. Roopa B.N, Post Graduate student, all authors are affiliated with Department of Paediatrics, K. V. G. Medical College Hospital, Sullia. D. K, Karnataka, India
Address for Correspondence: Dr. Gayathri K, Email id: gayathrikottuppallil@gmail.com
Abstract
Introduction: Neonatal hypernatremic dehydration is a very serious condition and there has been an increase in the incidence of hypernatremic dehydration in breast fed infants in the first week of life. Hypernatremia in neonates is found to be due to inadequate breast feeding or insufficient milk production. This study was conducted to look at the prevalence, clinical symptoms, signs and risk factors associated with hypernatremia in exclusively breast fed healthy neonates. Methodology: A Retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at KVG Medical College Sullia on 29 neonates with hypernatremic dehydration who were recruited during the period from June 2016 to April 2017. Healthy term neonates with birth weight more than 2.5kg, on exclusive breast feeding were considered for the study. Maternal problems regarding breast feeding were assessed. Serum sodium level more than 145meq/L was considered as hypernatremia in our study. Results: Out of 32 neonates with hypernatremic dehydration, 29 were enrolled in the study as 3 were excluded because of low birth weight. Male babies were affected more than female babies with 16 (55.17%) and 13 (44.83%) respectively. The main presenting features were fever (100%), poor feeding (65.52%) and jaundice (51.72%). The maximum number of babies who had hypernatremic dehydration presented in 46 hours to 60 hours of life (day 2-3). The results showed that the hours of life / day of presentation with hypernatremic dehydration has significant correlation with neonate’s serum sodium concentration (P value <0.05), indicating insufficient milk production in the mother during first few days. According to our study, babies born to primiparous women are more likely to be affected with hypernatraemic dehydration than multiparous women. Conclusion: It is recommended that dehydration and problems related can be considered as prime reason for fever during the first few days of life in low-risk term neonates. Special attention to antenatal care, postnatal care regarding early initiation of breast feeding and careful watch of neonates during the first week of life could decrease the incidence of neonatal hypernatremia.
Keywords: Neonate, Dehydration, Hypernatremia, Breast feeding, Exclusive, Serum sodium, Primiparous
Manuscript received: 6th August 2017 Reviewed: 16th August 2017
Author Corrected: 25th August 2017, Accepted for Publication: 30th August 2017
Introduction
Breast feeding is universally considered to be the best and safest way of feeding neonates [1]. Many underlying factors can interfere with lactation and breast feeding and thus contribute to inadequate breast feeding and complications like hypernatremic dehydration [2]. Adequate breast milk depends on several interdependent processes- mammogenesis, lactogenesis, and galactopoeisis. It has been reported that healthy newborns even while on exclusively breast feeding developed Neonatal Hypernatremic Dehydration. The most important factor appears to be inadequate milk production. This condition is associated with cerebral oedema, intracranial haemorrhage, hydrocephalus and gangrene, thus carries an acute morbidity and mortality [2-4].
Objectives
1) To study the prevalence of neonatal hypernatremic dehydration in KVG Medical College, sullia.
2) To assess the presenting complaints and risk factors for hypernatremic dehydration.
Subjects and methodology
Study design: A Retrospective cross – sectional study conducted from June 2016 to April 2017.
Setting: Department of Paediatrics, K.V.G Medical College, Sullia, Karnataka
Inclusion criteria
1) Healthy neonates – Gestational age (GA) > 36 weeks, birth weight > 2.5kg, with normal neonatal adaptation, on exclusive breast feeding.
2) Healthy mothers who have no obstetric complication before or after delivery, given birth to a single baby
Exclusion criteria
1) Neonates with congenital malformation
2) Neonates with sucking problem
3) Birth asphyxia
4) Neonates with sepsis, birth weight <2.5kg, GA <36weeks
5) Babies on formula feeding
Participants: Neonates both inborn and outborn who presented to the department of paediatrics KVG Medical College, Sullia with hypernatremic dehydration were included in the study.
Source of Data: Records of neonates who where investigated and found to have hypernatremic dehydration during the time period from June 2016 to April 2017.
Study size: Total of 32 neonates were selected, out of which 3 were excluded because of low birth weight.
Methods: The records of neonates who were admitted with hypernatremic dehydration were analysed and it was found that total of 32 neonates were admitted and treated for hypernatremic dehydration during the period. Among the 32 neonates, 3 were excluded in view of low birth weight (< 2.5kg). Neonatal factors like age (≤ 28days of life), birth weight (≥2.5kg), weight loss (>10% considered as significant), fever, lethargy, irritability, seizures, urination & defecation per day & history of poor feeding were recorded. Maternal factors like age, parity, pregnancy problem, mode of delivery, breast feeding problems were analysed from the records. Axillary route was used for measuring body temperature (fever – temperature > 37.8°C). As the neonate presented with fever, lethargy and poor feeding, sepsis work up was done. Laboratory investigations including complete blood count (CBC), Peripheral smear (PS), C-reactive protein (CRP), Random blood sugar (RBS) were done. CRP level>10mg/L was considered significant. Blood urea (>30mg/dl) and Serum creatinine (>0.8mg/dl) were considered significant suggesting prerenal failure as a part of dehydration. Serum electrolytes, Serum Bilirubin (as per hour specific nomogram chart) were carried out in all babies who suffered from dehydration. Serum Sodium concentration > 145 meq/L was accepted as hypernatremia in our study.
Statistical analysis: The data obtained is analysed for statistical significance by using frequencies, percentage , tables, pie chart and by using SSPS version 22, values were expressed as mean+/-SD. Pearson correlation was used for studying correlation among various parameters with serum sodium concentration in which P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The prevalence of hypernatremic dehydration among 562 deliveries from June 2016-April 2017 was found out to be 5.1%. About 32 (5.6%) neonates were diagnosed with hypernatremic dehydration & 3 were excluded in view of low birth weight & preterm. Hence a total of 29 (5.1%) neonates were studied.
Out of 29, 13 (44.83%) were females & 16 (55.17%) were males. Among these, 22 (75.86%) neonates were born to primiparous women, 17 (58.62%) delivered by normal vaginal delivery and 12 (41.38%) by caesarean section. The most common presenting complaints among those neonates was fever 100% (n=29), followed by poor feeding 65.52% (n=19), jaundice 51.72% (n=15), weight loss >10% was 44.8% (n=13), lethargy 20.69%(n=6), and seizure 1% (n=1) (Fig I).
Fig-I: Clinical signs and symptoms (suggests fever as the most common presenting symptoms in neonates with hypernatremic dehydration)
Among 29 neonates, 10 (34.48%) neonates presented in the first 26-45 hours of life and 18 (62.07%) presented in 46 - 60 hours of life. Lab investigations revealed mean Haemoglobin (Hb) of 17.45 and mean Hematocrit (PCV) of 51.36. Among 29 neonates, 21 (72.41%) had CRP values <10mg/l with a mean of 13. Out of 29 neonates only 1 neonate had hypoglycaemia (RBS -37mg/dl). Serum sodium concentrations studied were in range of 146-155 meq/l in 15 (51.72%) neonates, 156-165 meq/l in 14 (48.28%) with a mean value of 155.44 meq/l. Serum potassium concentrations were in range of 3.5-4.5 meq/l in 17 (58.62%) and 8 (27.59%) had more than 5 meq/l with mean value of 4.49meq/l. Renal function tests were analysed as a part of dehydration leading to prerenal failure, 14 (48.28%) had serum creatinine in range of 0.8-1 mg/dl with a mean serum creatinine of 0.86 mg/dl and the mean blood urea value of 37.52 mg/dl. Since 15 (51.72%) neonates presented with jaundice, serum bilirubin was also done, which showed a mean value of 11.96 mg/dl. (Table I)
Table-I: Hematological characteristics of cases
|
|
Mean |
Standard deviation |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Median |
|
Hb |
17.45 |
2.15 |
13.4 |
23.7 |
17.2 |
|
TC |
22422.76 |
45873.68 |
8400 |
22800 |
13500 |
|
PCV |
51.36 |
7.46 |
39.2 |
68.8 |
48.6 |
|
CRP |
13 |
20.43 |
0.5 |
83.5 |
3.8 |
|
RBS |
70.65 |
13.07 |
37 |
94 |
70 |
|
Sodium
|
155.44 |
4.05 |
149 |
165 |
155 |
|
Potassium
|
4.49 |
0.52 |
3.2 |
5.2 |
4.4 |
|
Blood
urea |
37.52 |
12.96 |
19 |
70 |
38 |
|
S.
creatinine |
0.86 |
0.19 |
0.5 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
|
S.
bilirubin |
11.96 |
3.30 |
7.4 |
19.1 |
11.5 |
|
S.
calcium |
9.04 |
0.54 |
7.9 |
10.2 |
9 |
Pearson correlation was used for correlation of various parameters with serum sodium concentrations. As per Pearson correlation, only hours of life of presentation with hypernatremic dehydration has significant correlation with serum sodium concentration. The P value is 0.001812 (P value< 0.05) (Table II)
Table-II: Pearson correlation (as hours of life progress, increase in serum sodium level noted, suggesting decreased milk output in mother during the first 3-5 days of
|
Correlation with
sodium level |
R value |
P value |
|
Weight loss |
0.240765 |
0.20847 |
|
Hours of life |
0.554269 |
0.001812* |
|
Maternal age |
-0.16908 |
0.380819 |
|
Gestational age |
-0.21102 |
0.271892 |
|
Serum potassium |
0.321073 |
0.089533 |
|
PCV |
-0.00919 |
0.96263 |
Among maternal factors, 16 (55.17%) were with less milk output, 4 (13.79%) with short nipple, 3 (10.34%) with poor feeding technique, 3 (10.34%) with crack nipple, 1 with back pain, and 2 (6.90%) were with unknown cause (Fig II)
Fig-II: Maternal problems as a risk factor for neonatal hypernatremic dehydration (decrease milk output in the mother during first few days of delivery holds the highest percentage as the risk factor, suggesting either lactation failure or reduction in feeding frequency leading to increase in breast milk sodium)
Discussion
Neonatal Hypernatremic dehydration is a potentially devastating condition. It has been found that hypernatremic dehydration is increasing in exclusively breast fed neonates [4].
In our study, maximum number of neonates 18 (62.02%), who were exclusively breast fed, presented with hypernatremic dehydration in the 2nd – 3rd day of life. The most common maternal problem associated was decreased milk output mainly due to ineffective galactopoiesis. Adequate breast milk intake depends on normal mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactopoiesis, as well as effective milk delivery to the neonate. The effective milk delivery depends on effective breast feeding technique, combined with an intact milk ejection reflex. The volume of human milk consumed by a neonate depends on the frequency and duration of feeds and pattern of breast use. Normally it’s usually on demand every 2-3rd hours, with a range of 10-70ml per feed over a period of 5-20 minutes [5]
Hypernatremia may be associated with decrease in fluid intake, excessive fluid loss or excessive sodium intake [3]. In 1949, Macy established mean sodium content of colostrums in the first 5 days is 22 mmol/l, transitional milk from day 5 to day 10 is 13mmol/l and of mature milk after 15 days is 7mmol/l. It was showed that higher levels of sodium in breast milk are associated with lactation failure, and a reduction in feeding frequency is associated with a marked rise in milk sodium concentrations [3,7]. It has showed that insufficient milk production is the most important factor in the induction of neonatal hypernatremic dehydration. Lactogenesis stage II, the onset of sufficient milk production, occurs during the first 4 days after delivery [6,7]
Thus it suggests that the most common cause of excessive weight loss and hypernatremia is inadequate breast milk intake as it is in our case. It has been demonstrated that if women fail to establish good breast-feeding, the normal physiological decrease in breast milk sodium concentration does not occur. However, when re-lactation is successfully established sodium returns to normal limits [6,8,9]. Since the poorly fed infant is not able to obtain high sodium content from a low volume of milk in the first few days of life, hypernatremia is because of water deprivation and a secondary accumulation of sodium in an attempt to maintain circulatory volume occurs [6].
About 22 (75.86%) were primiparous women in this study, and this has been reported as one of the most important risk factor for neonatal hypernatremic dehydration. This indicates that monitoring the mother and baby in the first week of life or successful establishment of breast feeding is essential. The mothers should receive practical advice in breast feeding technique [10].
Along with insufficient milk production during the first few days after delivery, other maternal problems also contribute towards decreased milk intake such as short nipple, crack nipple, as in our study 7 mothers were having which contributes to about 24.14%.
Out of 29 neonates less than half 13 (44.83%) of neonates had weight loss > 10%. This is because infants with hypernatremic dehydration have better preserved extracellular volume and therefore less-pronounced clinical signs of dehydration [11,12]. In our study there was no significant correlation between weight loss and serum sodium concentrations (P value > 0.05).
The association of hypernatremia with hyperbilirubinema, which occurred in 15 (51.72%) of our neonates , might contribute to long term sequalae as hypernatremia causes impairment of blood brain barrier and hence bilirubin diffuses into the brain causing bilirubin encephalopathy [2,6]. Hypernatremia and hyperbilirubinemia cause central nervous system depression among infants with lethargy and poor suck. These factors can lead to a cycle of worsening dehydration, jaundice, and hypernatremia, which in combination can lead to brain injury [11]. But in our study no such complication occurred.
These neonates with hypernatremic dehydration with serum sodium in the range of 145-155 meq/l were adviced to continue breast feeding. Formula feeds were given for 3-4 days in view of less milk output in mother. Neonates with serum sodium level > 155 meq/L were treated with intravenous fluid correction.
An increased awareness among health professionals is required so that this potentially devastating condition can be prevented by putting an emphasis on exclusive lactation with recommended post-discharge follow-up to assess the health status of both mother and baby. Moreover, all mothers should be taught the skills of breastfeeding.
Limitation of the study: Lack of mother’s breast milk sodium level as this was a retrospective study.
Conclusion
Neonatal hypernatremic dehydration, a potentially lethal condition, can be prevented by proper antenatal care, proper initiation of breast feeding after delivery and careful follow-up of feeding and weight gain in the neonate. Prompt intervention should be carried out if problems with breast such as short nipple, crack nipple, poor technique of feeding. These will help promote successful breast feeding.
From the study it is recommended that dehydration and problems related can be considered as prime reason for fever during the first few days of life in low-risk term neonates. Almost more than half of the primi mothers were unaware of the correct feeding technique which emphasizes the need of regular educational programs and workshop in prenatal period.
Acknowledgement: We thank our Community Medicine Department for guiding us in doing statistical analysis.
Abbreviations used: GA- Gestational Age, CBC- complete blood count, PS- Peripheral Smear, CRP- C-reactive protein, Hb- haemoglobin,TC- total count, PCV- Hematocrit, GRBS- Random blood sugar
Funding: Nil, Conflict of interest: None initiated.
Permission from IRB: Yes
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How to cite this article?
Shivanagouda J, Gayathri K, Roopa B.N. Hypernatremic dehydration in exclusively breast fed neonates: a clinical study. J PediatrRes. 2017;4(08):525-530.doi:10. 17511/ijpr.2017.08.05.