G Chaudhary

Manuscript received: 04th Dec 2015, Reviewed: 15th Dec 2015
Author Corrected; 29th Dec 2015, Accepted for Publication: 09th Jan 2016

Introduction

Beta-2 microglobulins (B2M) are present in most of human cells which is a small polypeptide and is present in all body fluids. It is filtered freely by glomeruli and reabsorbed almost completely (99.9%) by proximal convoluted tubules in normal neonates. Increased excretion of urinary B2M, indicates renal tubular dysfunction [1- 3]. Glomerular B2M is a very less used metabolite. It can be used in assessing renal function, especially in babies suspected of renal tubular or interstitial disease. B2M can serve as a nonspecific but as sensitive marker of various infectious conditions and neoplastic conditions [4].

There is tubular balance for B2M in the human kidney which occurs after 34 weeks gestation and fractional tubular reabsorption of B2M suggested as a useful parameter of renal tubular maturation [5]. There is range of renal damage from oliguria or nonoliguria type of renal failure to renal tubular impairment which can be detected by either traditional tests or by B2M [6, 7].

When we suspect kidney disease, comparing blood and urine levels of B2M helps to identify whether the kidney is damaged or not. B2M normally is filtered out from blood by the kidney's glomeruli but only partially reabsorbed back into the blood after it reaches the kidney's tubules. The glomeruli can't filter B2M out of the blood in glomerular kidney disease; therefore its level rises in the blood and also decreases in the urine. The tubules can't reabsorb it back into the blood in tubular kidney disease, so its levels rises in urine and blood levels fall. Increased B2M in urine of sick neonates with apparently normal renal parameters indicates subclinical proximal tubular dysfunction especially in birth asphyxia, sepsis and some congenital malformations. The increased levels of urinary beta 2-microglobulin in newborn with meconium-stained amniotic fluid denotes the existence of tubular malfunction which is probably due to perinatal distress [8]. 11

The most damaged organ in birth asphyxia of full-term infants is kidney [9]. Birth Asphyxia may be the primary causes of transient renal impairment or it may cause acute renal failure in neonates [10]. There is circulatory adaptive responses to birth asphyxia may cause renal injury as a consequence of decreased blood supply of the kidney. Birth asphyxia causing organ damages are important neonatal problems and it is also challenging for study because it is difficult to measure. The kidney is most sensitive organ to ischemic damage in birth asphyxia. It is the main cause of transient renal impairment or acute renal failure in neonates especially in birth asphyxia.

Persistent elevated level of urinary B2M a sensitive diagnostic tool for subclinical renal tubular dysfunction in neonates but its relevance on long term basis is a matter for future experiments and study [2]. Considering these facts present study is planned to determine the value of Beta 2 M as evidence of renal tubular dysfunction in neonates with birth asphyxia.

Material and Method

The present study was prospective and hospital based study.It is conducted in Department of Pediatrics Muzaffar Nagar Medical College Muzaffar Nagar U.P. a tertiary care hospital of North India. Ethical clearance was taken from college ethical committee. Study period was over a span of two years from 1st August 07 to 31st July 09. Term babies, with gestational age 38-42 weeks by New Ballard scoring system [11], admitted in our NICU with evidence of birth asphyxia, included in study after informed consent. We selected term babies to rule out any variation in excretion of Beta 2 M due to immaturity of renal function. Neonates were selected by using Apgar score [12] and babies with Apgar Score < 4 at 5 minutes, were selected for study. Premature babies, babies with evidence of infections, babies with meconium aspiration syndrome, babies with any other sickness and having any congenital renal or other diseases were excluded from study.

A total of 140 babies were selected for study group as cases of birth asphyxia and 70 normal term babies were selected as control group. After taking detailed clinical history, examination and routine investigations, renal function test was done by blood urea and serum creatinine in all the babies. Urine samples were collected on day 1 in all and on day 3 and day 7 in those having abnormal values in first sample and Beta 2 M values were estimated by ELISA method.
Results
In the present study 140 cases were taken as study group and 70 normal babies as control group. Following observations were revealed from the study-

Table I: Mean weight of neonates in study and control group

As shown in above table the mean value of Beta 2M in asphyxiated neonates and control group on day 1, 3 and 7 were 10.53 + 6.03, 8.25 + 3.56, 6.25 + 2.72 mg / Land 1.61 + 1.01, 1.51 + 1.04 and 1.54 + 1.03mg / L respectively. P value for these two groups was < 0.001, which is highly significant.

We also observed from study group babies on day 1, routine renal function tests were abnormal in only 11 (7.85 %) cases and on day 3, in 31 (22.14 %) cases whereas urinary B 2 M were elevated in> 90 % of cases on day 1 and notably urinary B 2M values were much higher in those showing abnormal renal function tests.

Discussion

We have selected 140 term asphyxiated newborns as study group and 70 healthy term newborns as control group. We didn’t find any statistical significant difference by observing weight of the babies and gestational age of the babies from study and control groups.

We observed that B2M values were increased in study group on 1st, 3rd and 7th day as compare to control group was statistically significant. Mehta KP et al [2] also observed similar findings. They studied 46 sick neonates (not only asphyxiated neonates as we have done) in study group and 40 normal term neonate in control group. They have estimated urinary B2M only on day 1 and 3, but we did it on day 7 also in the present study.

Tack et al 1987 [13] in their study also reported similar findings. They took 140 sick neonates (not only asphyxiated neonates) in study group and 35 normal term babies in control group. They estimated urinary B2M only on day 1 and day 3 only but not on day 7.

We considered many possibilities for an elevated urinary B2M in neonates including immaturity of renal function, increased generation or decreased reabsorption of B2M by the tubules due to tubular damage. Aperia A. et al [14] also done a study B2M, an indicator of renal tubular maturation and dysfunction in newborns and they found that absorptive capacity of tubules for B2M was well developed in neonates more than 35 weeks of gestational age. We included only full tem neonates with mean gestational age of > 38 weeks, ruled out immaturity of renal system as a cause of increased urinary B2M.

Other causes of increased B2M in urine could be high blood levels of B2M in neonates with birth asphyxia. As we are aware with the fact that there is very high tubular maximum for B2M, to take over this T max serum B2M value need to be increased by many folds usually hundred times. Due to this reason increased serum B2M as cause of increased urinary B2M is least possibility. So by this we concluded that most likely explanation for the observed increased urinary B2M concentration in neonates of birth asphyxia is that these neonates may have pathological lesions in their proximal convoluted tubules that decrease renal tubular reabsorption of B2M. The site for reabsorption of B2M proximal convoluted tubules especially susceptible to injury in asphyxia.

Mehta K P et al [2] in his study found that above 90% of sick neonates had increased urinary B2M. They also observed that only 17% of these had abnormal renal function by routine tests. This denotes that B2M can detect subclinical renal impairments those are not detected by routine renal function tests. What is the importance of detection of subclinical cases of renal impairment is further matter of research.

We observed that > 90% of neonates with birth asphyxia were showing high urinary B2M on day 1 but by standard renal function test only 8% babies showing abnormalities on day 1 and in 22% babies showing abnormalities on day 3.It indicates that urinary B2M can be used as early marker of renal impairment in neonates with birth asphyxia. This is highly sensitive as well as not very expensive and non invasive method to detect renal impairments in asphyxiated neonates. This test can be used as screening test for impending renal failure in neonates with birth asphyxia. The major drawback of this test is lack of specificity may be limiting factor.

Conclusion

We have concluded that B2M is a sensitive indicator for renal Impairments. It can detect subclinical renal injuries those may be missed by standard renal function tests. Measurement of B2M provides a potentially sensitive diagnostic test, which makes possible the diagnosis of previously undetected group of patients with subclinical renal impairment. The importance of these subclinical renal impairments in prognosis & management of renal dysfunction in birth asphyxia are the further matter of research.

Funding: Nil, Conflict of interest: Nil
Permission from IRB: Yes

References

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Group	No. of Cases	Weight(grams) Mean ± S.D.	Statistical Significance of difference in mean weight
			Z- test	p value
Study Group	140	2780 + 350	0.16	> 0.10
Control Group	70	2788 + 334

Group	No. of Cases	Gestational Age (weeks) Mean ± S.D.	Statistical Significance of difference in mean age
			Z test	p value
Study Group	140	39.53+ 0.71	0.07	>0.10
Control Group	70	39.54 + 1.14

Day	Study Group		Control Group		Statistical Significance of difference in mean
	No. of Cases	Beta 2 M (Mean ± SD)	No. of Cases	Beta 2 M (Mean ± SD)	Z test	p- value
D1	140	10.53+ 6.03	70	1.61 ± 1.01	17.03	<0.001
D3	131	8.25 + 3.56	70	1.51 + 1.04	20.70	<0.001
D7	131	6.25 + 2.72	70	1.54 + 1.03	18.06	<0.001