Cognitive and developmental assessment between breast fed and mixed fed children: a cross sectional study
Keywords:
Developmental delay, Mixed fed, TDSC scales
Abstract
Introduction: The importance of breastfeeding for cognitive development has been researched widely over the past several decades and has been found to be associated with significantly higher scores for cognitive development than the formula feeding. Right from initial research of Hoefer and Hardy, The majority of published studies have concluded that breastfeeding has beneficial effect on cognitive development worldwide.
Objective: To evaluate cognitive and developmental assessment in breastfed and mixed fed children.
Design: A cross sectional study.
Setting: The study was carried out in six blocks of Lalitpur district (U.P.) from June 2009- March 2010.
Material & methods: Total 705 children including (breast fed and mixed fed) were selected by percentage population allocation technique. Fisher’s exact test applied as test of significance. Epi info version-7 was used for statistical calculation.
Result: After analyzing total 705 children 1mo-2years of age, out of which 458 were breast fed and 247 were mixed fed, all the seventeen items used in TDSC were found to be very significant (p<0.0001) except Raising self to sitting position (p= 0.3460) and Walking upstairs with help (p= 0.2642).
Conclusion: As compared to mixed fed group, exclusively breast fed children had better cognitive and developmental skill than mixed fed children. (As matched with TDSC).
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References
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31. Rogan WJ and Gladen BC. Breastfeeding and Cognitive Development. Early Human Development. 1993; 31: 181-193. [PubMed]
32. Morrow-Tlucak M, Haude RH, Ernhart CB. Breastfeeding and cognitive development in the first 2 years of life. Soc Sci Med. 1988:26;635-639. [PubMed]
33. Neil R. Wigg,Shilu Tong,Anthony J. McMichael Peter A. Baghurst,Graham Vimpani, Russell Roberts;Breast feeding at 6 months predict cognitive development. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 1998; 22:232-236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01179.x [PubMed]
2. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Remley DT. Breast-feeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. Am J Clinical Nutrition 1999;70(4):525-535. [PubMed]
3. Hoefer C, Hardy MC. Later Development of Breast Fed and Artificially fed Infants. J Am Med Assoc. 1929; 92: 615-620.
4. Auested N,scott DT,janowsky JS; Visual, Cognitive, and Language Assessments at 39 months: A follow up study of children Fed Formulas containing Long Chain Polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. Pediatrics. 2003; 112(3): 177-183.
5. Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics. 1998 Jan;101(1):E9. [PubMed]
6. Angelsen NK, Vik T, Jacobsen G, Bakketeig LS. Breast feeding and cognitive development at age 1 and 5 years. Arch Dis Child. 2001; 85(3):183–8. [PubMed]
7. Foo LL(1), Quek SJ, Ng SA, Lim MT, Deurenberg-Yap M. Breast feeding prevalence and practices among Singaporean, Chinese, Malay and Indian mothers. Health Promotion International. 2005; 20 (3): 229-237. [PubMed]
8. Kogan MD(1), Singh GK, Dee DL, Belanoff C, Grummer-Strawn LM: Multivariate Analysis of State Variation in Breast feeding Rates in United States;Aug 13, 2008 - Am J Public Health. 2008 Oct; 98(10):1872-80. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.127118.
9. Kramer MS(1), Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, Shapiro S;Breast feeding and Child Cognitive Development: New Evidence from a Large Randomized Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 May; 65(5):578-84. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.578.
10. Golding J, Rogers IS, Emmett PM. Association between breast feeding, child development and behaviour. Early Hum Dev. 1997 Oct 29;49 Suppl:S175-84. [PubMed]
11. L J Horwood, B A Darlow, N Mogridge.Breast milk Feeding and Cognitive Ability at 7-8 years. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001;84:F23-F27 doi:10.1136/fn.84.1.F23-7. [PubMed]
12. Dewey KG. Nutrition, Growth, and complementary feeding of the breast fed infant. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001; 48: 87-104. [PubMed]
13. Eileen E Birch, Dennis Hoffman ,Yolanda S Castañeda ,Rcardouauy:A Randomized Control Trial of early dietary supply of long chain poly unsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants after weaning at 6 weeks of age. Am J Clin. Nutr. 2002; 75(3): 570-580. [PubMed]
14. Reynolds A. Breast feeding and Brain Development. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001; 48: 159-171. [PubMed]
15. Birch EE, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG, Prestidge C. Visual acuity and the essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the diet of term infants. Pediatr Res. 1998;44(2):201-209. [PubMed]
16. Susan E. Carlson,Richard J. Cooke,Susan H. Werkman,Elizabeth A. Tolley;First year growth of pre term infants fed standard compared to marine oil n-3 supplemented formula. Lipids (1992) 27: 901. doi:10.1007/BF02535870. [PubMed]
17. Innis SM, Adamkin DH, Hall RT, Kalhan SC, Lair C, Lim M. Docosahexanoic acid and arachidonic acid enhance growth with no adverse effects in preterm infants fed formula. J Pediatr 2002; 140: 547–554. [PubMed]
18. Lucas A, Stafford M, Morley R, Abbott R, Stephenson T, MacFadyen U. Efficacy and safety of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of infant-formula milk: a randomized trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 1948–1954. [PubMed]
19. Martinez M: Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development. J Pediatr 1992; 120:S129-S138. [PubMed]
20. Developmental Surveillance and screening of infants and young children. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on children with disabilities. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 192-196. [PubMed]
21. Sally Grantham-McGregorion, Yin Bun Cheung, Santiago Cueto, Paul Glewwe, Linda Richter, Barbara Strupp, Developmental potential in first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 2007; 369: No. 9555; 60-70. [PubMed]
22. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Gardener JM, Lozoff B, Wasserman GA, Pollitt E, Carter JA. International Child Development Steering Group. Child development: Risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. Lancet. 2007; 369:145–157.
23. Engle PL, Black MM, Behrman JR. International Child Development Steering Group: Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. Lancet. 2007; 369:229–242. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60112-3.
24. BFCHI Project-till December,2010 and Reaching the under 2S(universalizing delivery of nutrition in distric Lalitpur,UP)
25. Asnat Walfisch, Corey Sermer, Alex Cressman, Gideon Koren .Breast milk and cognitive development—the role of confounders: a systematic reviewBMJ Open. 2013; 3(8): e003259. Published online 2013 Aug 22.doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003259.
26. Der G, Batty GD, Deary IJ. Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis. BMJ 2006;333:945–1 [PMC free article] [PubMed]
27. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, et al. Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 1992;339:261–4. [PubMed]
28. WHO, 2002. Benefits of exclusive breast feeding. Healthy mothers and healthy babies.
29. BPNI. Breast feeding for child survival, health and development. Power point presentation by Dr. Arun Gupta at State Secretaries Meeting, Govt. of India, New Delhi. Slides available at website wcd.nic.in/statewcd.
30. Bouwstra H. Boersma ER. Boehm G; Exclusive breastfeeding of healthy term infants for at least 6 weeks improves neurological condition. J Nutr. 2003;133:4243–5. [PubMed]
31. Rogan WJ and Gladen BC. Breastfeeding and Cognitive Development. Early Human Development. 1993; 31: 181-193. [PubMed]
32. Morrow-Tlucak M, Haude RH, Ernhart CB. Breastfeeding and cognitive development in the first 2 years of life. Soc Sci Med. 1988:26;635-639. [PubMed]
33. Neil R. Wigg,Shilu Tong,Anthony J. McMichael Peter A. Baghurst,Graham Vimpani, Russell Roberts;Breast feeding at 6 months predict cognitive development. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 1998; 22:232-236. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01179.x [PubMed]
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijpr.2016.i10.09
Published: 2016-10-31
How to Cite
Dr Vijay Kumar Singh, Dr Mahima Mittal, Dr Priyanka Singh, Dr Anita Mehta, Dr Bhoopendra Sharma, & Dr Komal Prasad Kushwaha. (2016). Cognitive and developmental assessment between breast fed and mixed fed children: a cross sectional study. Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research, 3(10), 763-770. https://doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2016.i10.09
Section
Original Article
Copyright (c) 2016 Author (s). Published by Siddharth Health Research and Social Welfare Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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