Over weight, obesity and metabolic syndrome in a semi urban adolescent population in Uyo, Nigeria
Keywords:
Adolescents, Metabolic syndrome, Overweight, Obesity
Abstract
Background: Overweight and Obesity are becoming increasingly common in developing countries with the attendant health risks associated with these conditions including Metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome in a population of adolescents living in a semi urban area and the relationship between the weights of these children and the various components of the metabolic syndrome.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty-five adolescents aged 10-17 years were selected via a multistage random sampling technique. Sociodemographic data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and anthropometric indices were measured using standard tools. Overweight and obesity were defined based on the International Obesity Task Force criteria while metabolic syndrome was defined using the International Diabetes Foundation criteria. Blood samples were taken for Fasting blood sugar, serum Triglycerides and High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Results: The prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome were 1.94%, 0%, and 1.94% respectively. Weight showed a significant positive correlation with the study participants’ waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures but not with serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting blood glucose levels. Abdominal obesity and hyperglycaemia werealso significantly associated with Metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion:The prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome was very low in the population studied however, weight demonstrated a significant positive correlation with some components of the metabolic syndrome.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet. 2014 Aug;384(9945):766–81.[pubmed]
2. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The Relation of Overweight to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 1999 Jun 1;103(6):1175–82.[pubmed]
3. Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 Apr;1281:123–40.[pubmed]
4. Cornier M-A, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777–822.[pubmed]
5. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J, IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition. Lancet Lond Engl. 2005 Sep 24;366(9491):1059–62.[pubmed]
6. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 1998 Jul;15(7):539–53.[pubmed]
7. Ford ES, Giles WH. A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):575–81.[pubmed]
8. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, Ford E, Ganda OP, Handelsman Y, et al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract Off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2003 Jun;9(3):237–52.[pubmed]
9. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001 May 16;285(19):2486–97.[pubmed]
10. Magge SN, Goodman E, Armstrong SC, COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION, SECTION ON ENDOCRINOLOGY, SECTION ON OBESITY. The Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Shifting the Focus to Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering. Pediatrics. 2017 Aug;140(2):e20171603.
11. Goodman E, Daniels SR, Meigs JB, Dolan LM. Instability in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Circulation. 2007 May 1;115(17):2316–22.[pubmed]
12. Morrison JA, Friedman LA, Wang P, Glueck CJ. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 to 30 years later. J Pediatr. 2008 Feb;152(2):201–6.[pubmed]
13. Daniel WW. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 1995. 780 p. (Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics).
14. Agudelo GM, Bedoya G, Estrada A, Patiño FA, Muñoz AM, Velásquez CM. Variations in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents According to Different Criteria Used for Diagnosis: Which Definition Should Be Chosen for This Age Group? Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014 May;12(4):202–9.[pubmed]
15. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000 May 6;320(7244):1240–3.[pubmed]
16. Onyenekwu C, Dada A, Babatunde O. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among overweight and obese Nigerian adolescents and young adults. Niger J Clin Pract. 2017;20(6):670.
17. Olubanji Ojofeitimi E, Iyanuoluwa Olugbenga-Bello A, Adebode Adekanle D, Adeomi AA. Pattern and determinants of obesity among adolescent females in private and public schools in olorunda local government area of osun state, Nigeria: a comparative study. J Public Health Afr [Internet]. 2011 Mar 1 [cited 2018 Aug 23];2(1). Available from: http://www.publichealthinafrica.org/index.php/jphia/article/view/37
18. Oduwole AA, Ladapo TA, Fajolu IB, Ekure EN, Adeniyi OF. Obesity and elevated blood pressure among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012 Aug 7;12:616.[pubmed]
19. Ansa VO, Odigwe CO, Anah MU. Profile of body mass index and obesity in Nigerian children and adolescents. Niger J Med J Natl Assoc Resid Dr Niger. 2001 Jun;10(2):78–80.[pubmed]
20. Opara DC, Ikpeme EE, Ekanem US. Prevalence of Stunting, Underweight and Obesity in School Aged Children in Uyo, Nigeria. Pak J Nutr. 2010 May 1;9(5):459–66.
21. Akintunde AA, Ayodele OE, Akinwusi PO, Opadijo GO. Metabolic Syndrome: Comparison of Occurrence Using Three Definitions in Hypertensive Patients. Clin Med Res. 2011 Mar 1;9(1):26–31.[pubmed]
22. Ulasi II, Ijoma CK, Onodugo OD. A community-based study of hypertension and cardio-metabolic syndrome in semi-urban and rural communities in Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2010 Dec [cited 2018 Aug 23];10(1). Available from: http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-10-71[pubmed]
23. Unadike B, Akpan N, Peters E, Essien I, Essien O. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Uyo, Nigeria. Afr J Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2010 Aug 6 [cited 2018 Aug 23];8(1). Available from: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajem/article/view/57575
24. Ahmadi, Alireza Gharipour, Mojgan; Nouri, Fatemeh; Kelishadi, Roya; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal. Association between adolescence obesity and metabolic syndrome: Evidence from Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(4):569–73.
25. Chen F, Wang Y, Shan X, Cheng H, Hou D, Zhao X, et al. Association between Childhood Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence from a Large Sample of Chinese Children and Adolescents. Nizami Q, editor. PLoS ONE. 2012 Oct 17;7(10):e47380.
26. Aboul Ella NA, Shehab DI, Ismail MA, Maksoud AA. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance among Egyptian adolescents 10 to 18 years of age. J Clin Lipidol. 2010 May;4(3):185–95.[pubmed]
27. Mehdad S, Hamrani A, Kari KE, Hamdouchi AE, Mzibri ME, Barkat A, et al. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure and its relationship with fat mass, body mass index and waist circumference among a group of Moroccan overweight adolescents. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2013 Jul;7(4):e284–9.
28. Salman Z, Kirk GD, DeBoer MD. High Rate of Obesity-Associated Hypertension among Primary Schoolchildren in Sudan. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:1–5.
29. Mushengezi B, Chillo P. Association between body fat composition and blood pressure level among secondary school adolescents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Pan Afr Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Aug 23];19. Available from: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/19/327/full/
30. LUO Jing-si,CHEN Shao-ke,FAN Xin,TANG Qing,FENG Ying. Comparison of the value of waist circumference with that of body mass index in diagnosing metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Chin J Pract Pediatr. 2012;(9).
2. Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The Relation of Overweight to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 1999 Jun 1;103(6):1175–82.[pubmed]
3. Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 Apr;1281:123–40.[pubmed]
4. Cornier M-A, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777–822.[pubmed]
5. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet P, Shaw J, IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition. Lancet Lond Engl. 2005 Sep 24;366(9491):1059–62.[pubmed]
6. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc. 1998 Jul;15(7):539–53.[pubmed]
7. Ford ES, Giles WH. A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):575–81.[pubmed]
8. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, Ford E, Ganda OP, Handelsman Y, et al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract Off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol. 2003 Jun;9(3):237–52.[pubmed]
9. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001 May 16;285(19):2486–97.[pubmed]
10. Magge SN, Goodman E, Armstrong SC, COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION, SECTION ON ENDOCRINOLOGY, SECTION ON OBESITY. The Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Shifting the Focus to Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering. Pediatrics. 2017 Aug;140(2):e20171603.
11. Goodman E, Daniels SR, Meigs JB, Dolan LM. Instability in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Circulation. 2007 May 1;115(17):2316–22.[pubmed]
12. Morrison JA, Friedman LA, Wang P, Glueck CJ. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 to 30 years later. J Pediatr. 2008 Feb;152(2):201–6.[pubmed]
13. Daniel WW. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 1995. 780 p. (Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics).
14. Agudelo GM, Bedoya G, Estrada A, Patiño FA, Muñoz AM, Velásquez CM. Variations in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents According to Different Criteria Used for Diagnosis: Which Definition Should Be Chosen for This Age Group? Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014 May;12(4):202–9.[pubmed]
15. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000 May 6;320(7244):1240–3.[pubmed]
16. Onyenekwu C, Dada A, Babatunde O. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among overweight and obese Nigerian adolescents and young adults. Niger J Clin Pract. 2017;20(6):670.
17. Olubanji Ojofeitimi E, Iyanuoluwa Olugbenga-Bello A, Adebode Adekanle D, Adeomi AA. Pattern and determinants of obesity among adolescent females in private and public schools in olorunda local government area of osun state, Nigeria: a comparative study. J Public Health Afr [Internet]. 2011 Mar 1 [cited 2018 Aug 23];2(1). Available from: http://www.publichealthinafrica.org/index.php/jphia/article/view/37
18. Oduwole AA, Ladapo TA, Fajolu IB, Ekure EN, Adeniyi OF. Obesity and elevated blood pressure among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012 Aug 7;12:616.[pubmed]
19. Ansa VO, Odigwe CO, Anah MU. Profile of body mass index and obesity in Nigerian children and adolescents. Niger J Med J Natl Assoc Resid Dr Niger. 2001 Jun;10(2):78–80.[pubmed]
20. Opara DC, Ikpeme EE, Ekanem US. Prevalence of Stunting, Underweight and Obesity in School Aged Children in Uyo, Nigeria. Pak J Nutr. 2010 May 1;9(5):459–66.
21. Akintunde AA, Ayodele OE, Akinwusi PO, Opadijo GO. Metabolic Syndrome: Comparison of Occurrence Using Three Definitions in Hypertensive Patients. Clin Med Res. 2011 Mar 1;9(1):26–31.[pubmed]
22. Ulasi II, Ijoma CK, Onodugo OD. A community-based study of hypertension and cardio-metabolic syndrome in semi-urban and rural communities in Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2010 Dec [cited 2018 Aug 23];10(1). Available from: http://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-10-71[pubmed]
23. Unadike B, Akpan N, Peters E, Essien I, Essien O. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Uyo, Nigeria. Afr J Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2010 Aug 6 [cited 2018 Aug 23];8(1). Available from: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajem/article/view/57575
24. Ahmadi, Alireza Gharipour, Mojgan; Nouri, Fatemeh; Kelishadi, Roya; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal. Association between adolescence obesity and metabolic syndrome: Evidence from Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(4):569–73.
25. Chen F, Wang Y, Shan X, Cheng H, Hou D, Zhao X, et al. Association between Childhood Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence from a Large Sample of Chinese Children and Adolescents. Nizami Q, editor. PLoS ONE. 2012 Oct 17;7(10):e47380.
26. Aboul Ella NA, Shehab DI, Ismail MA, Maksoud AA. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance among Egyptian adolescents 10 to 18 years of age. J Clin Lipidol. 2010 May;4(3):185–95.[pubmed]
27. Mehdad S, Hamrani A, Kari KE, Hamdouchi AE, Mzibri ME, Barkat A, et al. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure and its relationship with fat mass, body mass index and waist circumference among a group of Moroccan overweight adolescents. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2013 Jul;7(4):e284–9.
28. Salman Z, Kirk GD, DeBoer MD. High Rate of Obesity-Associated Hypertension among Primary Schoolchildren in Sudan. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:1–5.
29. Mushengezi B, Chillo P. Association between body fat composition and blood pressure level among secondary school adolescents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Pan Afr Med J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Aug 23];19. Available from: http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/19/327/full/
30. LUO Jing-si,CHEN Shao-ke,FAN Xin,TANG Qing,FENG Ying. Comparison of the value of waist circumference with that of body mass index in diagnosing metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Chin J Pract Pediatr. 2012;(9).
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijpr.2018.i08.03
Published: 2018-08-31
How to Cite
Dr. Okpokowuruk Frances Sam, Akpan Mkpouto Udeme, & Ikpeme Enobong Emmanuel. (2018). Over weight, obesity and metabolic syndrome in a semi urban adolescent population in Uyo, Nigeria. Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research, 5(8), 400-406. https://doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2018.i08.03
Section
Original Article
Copyright (c) 2018 Author (s). Published by Siddharth Health Research and Social Welfare Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
