Blood pressure and its correlation with age and BMI among the school children aged between 10 and 16 years
Abstract
Background: A trend in blood pressure over a period of time in children is important predictor of subsequent trends in adult hypertension. Although blood pressure normally increases with growth and development, children with higher levels of blood pressure intend to maintain that position relative to their peer group as they mature or track into higher levels of blood pressure in adulthood and BMI acts as a major risk factor for hypertension not only in adults but also among children.
Aim: To assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity and hypertension among children aged 10 to 16 years and also to assess the association between BMI, age and blood pressure.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted for period of one year in the field practicing area of our medical college hospital. All children aged between 10 and 16 years irrespective of gender were included as our study subjects. A total of 1060 school children were included in our study. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to collect the information regarding the demographic details of the children and for all the children weight and height was measured and BMI was calculated and the blood pressure was measured using sphygmomanometer using the appropriate cuff size for the age.
Results: The correlation between BMI and hypertension showed a strong positive correlation between BMI and systolic BP among both males (r=0.827) and females (r=0.714) and the correlation was found to be statistically significant whereas among BMI and diastolic BP among males (r=0.838) it showed a statistically significant correlation but among females (r=0.515) the correlation between BMI and diastolic BP was not found to be statistically significant.
Conclusion: As high BP was found to be strongly associated with overweight/ obesity in this study, we recommend screening of BP should be carried out routinely in children and adolescents.
Downloads
References
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fact sheets. [accessed on December 22, 2018]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm .
3. International Obesity Task Force. [accessed on December 23, 2018]. Available from: http://www.iaso.org/iotf/obesity/obesitytheglobalepidemic/ for Saudi, Canada, South Africa, Australia and NZ estimates.
4. Kaur S, Kapil U, Singh P. Pattern of chronic diseases amongst adolescent obese children in developing countries. Curr Sci. 2005 88:1052–6. Available from:http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102005/1052.pdf .
5. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, et al. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000 May 6;320(7244):1240-3.[pubmed]
6. Must A, Dallal GE, Dietz WH. Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wt/ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Apr;53(4):839-46. DOI:10.1093/ajcn/53.4.839.[pubmed]
7. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, et al. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002 Oct 9;288(14):1728-32.[pubmed]
8. Zinner, S.H., Rosner, B., OH, W. and Kass, E.H.: Significance of blood pressure in infancy: familial aggregation and predictive effect on later blood pressure. Hypertension,1985;7: 411-416.
9. Chadha SL, Tandon R, Shekhawat S, et al. An epidemiological study of blood pressure in school children (5-14 years) in Delhi. Indian Heart J. 1999 Mar-Apr;51(2):178-82.[pubmed]
10. Luepker, R.V., Jacobs, D.R., Prineas, R.J. and Sinaiko, A.R.:Secular trends of blood pressure and body size in a multiethnic adolescent population: 1986 to 1996. J Pediatr.1999;,134 : 668-674.
11. Bagga A, Jain R, Vijayakumar M, et al. Evaluation and management of hypertension. Indian Pediatr. 2007 Feb;44(2):103-21.[pubmed]
12. Report on WHO expert committee. World Health Organization Arterial Hypertension. Tech. Rep. Ser. 1978 (628), 7-56.[pubmed]
13. Yamani MH, Massie BM. Hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and sudden death. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1994 Sep;9(5):542-50.[pubmed]
14. Petrovitch H, Curb JD, Bloom-Marcus E. Isolated systolic hypertension and risk of stroke in Japanese-American men. Stroke. 1995 Jan;26(1):25-9.[pubmed]
15. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004 Aug;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-76.[pubmed]
16. Kotchen JM, McKean HE, Kotchen TA. Blood pressure trends with aging. Hypertension. 1982 Sep-Oct;4(5 Pt 2):III128-34.[pubmed]
17. Agarwal VK, Sharan R, Srivastava AK, et al. Blood pressure profile in children of age 3-15 years. Indian Pediatr. 1983 Dec;20(12):921-5.[pubmed]
18. HAHN L. The relation of blood pressure to weight, height and body surface area in schoolboys aged 11 to 15 years. Arch Dis Child. 1952 Feb;27(131):43-53.[pubmed]
19. Szklo M, Epidemological patterns of Blood Pressure in Chldren. Epidemiological Rev. 1979 : 1 : 143-169.
20. Sachdev Y. Normal blood pressure and hypertension in Indian children. Indian Pediatr. 1984 Jan;21(1):41-8.[pubmed]
21. Ramesh LK, Clarke WR, Connor WE, Reiter MA, Laver RM, Normal blood pressure and the evaluation of sustained blood pressure elevation in childhood. The Muscatine study. Paediatrics, 1978; 61 : 245-250.
22. Kilcoyne MM. Natural history of hypertension in adolescence. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1978 Feb;25(1):47-53.[pubmed]
23. Laroia D, Sharma M, Diwedi V, et al. Profile of blood pressure in normal school children. Indian Pediatr. 1989 Jun;26(6):531-6.[pubmed]
24. Voors, A.W., Foster, P.H.T.A,. Frienchs, R.R., Webber, L.S. and Berenson, G.S., : Studies of blood pressure in children 5-14 years in a Total biracial commonly. The Bogalusa heart study. Circulation.1976;54 : 319-327.
25. Anand NK, Tandon L. Prevalence of hypertension in schoolgoing children. Indian Pediatr. 1996 May;33(5):377-81.[pubmed]
26. Chadha SL, Tandon R, Shekhawat S, et al. An epidemiological study of blood pressure in school children (5-14 years) in Delhi. Indian Heart J. 1999 Mar-Apr;51(2):178-82.[pubmed]
27. Bisavmohan Naveen Kumar – Prevalence of sustained Hypertension and Obesity in Urban and Rural School going children in Ludhiana (Indian Heart Journal 2004, 56 : 310-314.
28. Sharma A, Grover N, Kaushik S, et al. Prevalence of hypertension among schoolchildren in Shimla. Indian Pediatr. 2010 Oct;47(10):873-6. Epub 2010 Jan 15.
29. Dyson AP, Anthony D, Fento B. High rates of child hypertension associated with obesity: a community survey in China, India and Mexico, Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2013, DOI: 10.1179/2046905513Y.0000000079.
30. Krishan P, Prasanna Kumar KM, Desai N, Thennarasu K. Blood pressure reference tables for children and adolescents of Karnataka. Indian pediatr. 2006:43(6):491-501.
Copyright (c) 2019 Author (s). Published by Siddharth Health Research and Social Welfare Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
OAI - Open Archives Initiative
