Snacking in Children under Two Years and Mothers’ Perception: In Relation to Complementary Feeding Practices
Snacking in Children under Two Years and Mothers’ Perception
Keywords:
Children under 2 years, Complementary food, Mothers' perception, Nutrient intake, Snacking
Abstract
Background: Snacks are an important part of modern diets. The high consumption of snack products raises concerns about their nutritional quality and contribution to the daily diet. Purpose: To identify the consumption profile of snack products intended for children aged 1-3 years (SIFC) and their nutritional intake in children under 2 years of age, as well as mothers' perceptions of snacking in Depok City, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers of children aged 6-23 months in October-December 2022. Data were obtained through interviews from 110 mothers. Total daily consumption and nutrient intake of each child was calculated based on data obtained from a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Results: SIFC were consumed by children aged 6-11 months (48.65%) and 12-23 months (58.90%). The average daily intake and contribution of energy, total fat, protein, total carbohydrate, sugar and sodium from SIFC were relatively low. However, high intakes were found in some children in both age groups. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy from SIFC. Most mothers knew that complementary foods and SIFC were different, but surprisingly 73.64% stated that snack, including SIFC, was important for increasing nutritional intake. Conclusions: It is feared that high intake of SIFC will satiate the child, thereby reducing the intake of breast milk and complementary foods that have a more complete macro and micronutrient content. Managing the schedule and portion of snacks is important to ensure they do not interfere with complementary feeding. Maternal education about snacking is needed.
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References
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[28] de Hoop T, Fallon S, Yunus FM, Munrat S, Jolly SP, Sehrin F et al. Mothers’ education and the effectiveness of nutrition programmes: Evidence from a matched cross-sectional study in rural Bangladesh. J Dev Eff 2020;12(4):279–297 https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2020.1828998
[2] Green M, Hadihardjono DN, Pries AM, Izwardy D, Zehner E, Huffman SL. High proportions of children under 3 years of age consume commercially produced snack foods and sugar-sweetened beverages in Bandung City, Indonesia. Matern Child Nutr 2019;15(S4):1–14 https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12764
[3] Myhre JB, Løken EB, Wandel M, Andersen LF. The contribution of snacks to dietary intake and their association with eating location among Norwegian adults - Results from a cross-sectional dietary survey. BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):1-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1712-7
[4] Xue H, Maguire RL, Liu J, Kollins SH, Murphy SK, Hoyo C, et al. Snacking frequency and dietary intake in toddlers and preschool children. Appetite 2019;142:104369 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104369
[5] Pries AM, Filteau S, Ferguson EL. Snack food and beverage consumption and young child nutrition in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr 2019;15(S4):e12729 https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12729
[6] Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (Indonesian FDA). Peraturan BPOM No.24 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pengawasan Pangan Olahan Untuk Keperluan Gizi Khusus. Jakarta (ID): Indonesian FDA;2020. https://jdih.pom.go.id/product/search/84f08a0d853b8f12062cd3a06dd13e74/24/2020/all/all/undefined
[7] Statistics Indonesia, West Java Province. Penduduk menurut kelompok umur (jiwa). 2020. Retrieved from https://jabar.bps.go.id/indicator/12/243/1/penduduk-menurut-kelompok-umur.html (September 24th, 2021)
[8] Sirajudddin, Surmita, Astuti T. Survey konsumsi pangan. Jakarta: Health Human Resources Develompment and Empowement Agency; 2018
[9] Ministry of Healrh Republic of Indonesia (MoH). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 28 Tahun 2019 tentang Angka Kecukupan Gizi yang Dianjurkan untuk Masyarakat Indonesia. Jakarta (ID): MoH;2019 http://hukor.kemkes.go.id/uploads/produk_hukum/PMK_No__28_Th_2019_ttg_Angka_Kecukupan_Gizi_Yang_Dianjurkan_Untuk_Masyarakat_Indonesia.pdf
[10] Paroche MM, Caton SJ, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, Houston-Price C. How infants and young children learn about food: A systematic review. Front Physiol 2017;8(7):1046 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01046
[11] Mireault A, Mann L, Blotnicky K, Rossiter MD. Evaluation of snacks consumed by young children in child care and home settings. Int J Child Care Educ Policy 2023;17(1):1-14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-023-00106-7
[12] World Health Organization. Nutrient Profile Model. Copenague: WHO Regional Office for Europe 2015 https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/270716/Nutrient-children_web-new.pdf
[13] Blaine RE, Kachurak A, Davison KK, Klabunde R, Fisher JO. Food parenting and child snacking: A systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14(1):146 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0593-9
[14] Harris JL, Romo-Palafox MJ, Gershman H, Kagan I, Duffy V. Healthy snacks and drinks for toddlers: A qualitative study of caregivers’ understanding of expert recommendations and perceived barriers to adherence. Nutrients 2023;15(4):1006 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041006
[15] Pries AM, Ferguson EL, Sharma N, Upadhyay A, Filteau S. Exploratory analysis of nutritional quality and metrics of snack consumption among Nepali children during the complementary feeding period. Nutrients 2019;11(2):2962 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122962
[16] Moore AM, Vadiveloo M, Tovar A, McCurdy K, Østbye T, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Associations of less healthy snack food consumption with infantweight-for-length Z-score trajectories: Findings from the nurture cohort study. Nutrients 2019;11(11):2752 Nutrients 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112752
[17] Prasiwi RI, Yuliati LN, Simanjuntak M. Analysis of Food Label Reading Behavior. Int J Sci Res 2018;7(11):1628–1634 https://doi.org/10.21275/ART20193039
[18] World Health Organization. Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva: WHO;2015
[19] Isaacs A, Neve K, Hawkes C. Why do parents use packaged infant foods when starting complementary feeding? Findings from phase one of a longitudinal qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2022;22(1):1–11 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14637-0
[20] Blake CE, Davison KK, Blaine RE, Fisher JO. Occasions, purposes, and contexts for offering snacks to preschool-aged children: Schemas of caregivers with low-income backgrounds. Appetite 2021;167:105627 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105627
[21] Fisher JO, Wright G, Herman AN, Malhotra K, Serrano EL, Foster GD et al. Snacks are not food’. Low-income, urban mothers’ perceptions of feeding snacks to their preschool-aged children. Appetite 2014;84:61–67 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.007
[22] Erasmus CR, Pillay T, Siwela M. Factors affecting the choices made by primary caregivers during the complementary feeding transition period, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African J Clin Nutr 2022;0(0):1-7 https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2022.2033470
[23] Nor NM, Rusli SFM, Asmawi UMM. Awareness, knowledge, and practices towards reading snack food labels among Malaysian adolescents. J Gizi Pangan 2023;18(28):61–70 https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2023.18.1.61-70
[24] Mauludyani AVR, Nasution Z, Aries M, Rimbawan, Egayanti Y. Knowledge on nutrition labels for processed food: effect on purchase decision among Indonesian consumers. J Gizi Pangan 2021;16(1):47–56 https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2021.16.1.47-56
[25] Maslin K, Galvin AD, Shepherd S. A qualitative study of mothers perceptions of weaning and the use of commercial infant food in the United Kingdom. Matern Pediatr Nutr 2015;1(1) https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-1182.1000103
[26] Jumiyati, Yulianti R. Nutrition education improves mother ’s knowledge and attitude in the provision of complementary foods. Solo (ID): International Conference on Health and Well-Being; 2016
[27] Mohammed EAI, Taha Z, Eldam AAAG, Shommo SAM, El hidai MM. Effectiveness of a nutrition education program in improving mothers’ knowledge and feeding practices of infants and young children in Sudan. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022;10(E):776-782 https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8842
[28] de Hoop T, Fallon S, Yunus FM, Munrat S, Jolly SP, Sehrin F et al. Mothers’ education and the effectiveness of nutrition programmes: Evidence from a matched cross-sectional study in rural Bangladesh. J Dev Eff 2020;12(4):279–297 https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2020.1828998
How to Cite
Sekardani, N. I., Astawan, M., & Prangdimurti, E. (2023). Snacking in Children under Two Years and Mothers’ Perception: In Relation to Complementary Feeding Practices . Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research, 10(3), 32-40. Retrieved from https://pediatrics.medresearch.in/index.php/ijpr/article/view/747
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Original Article
Copyright (c) 2023 Author (s). Published by Siddharth Health Research and Social Welfare Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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