Prevalence of anemia and its etiology: a study in a semi urban area
Keywords:
Anemia, Children, Prevalence, Etiology, Iron deficiency, Malnutrition
Abstract
Introduction: Anemia is recognized as a public health problem throughout the world affecting both developed and developing countries and is associated with nutritional deficiencies especially due to iron deficiency, which is the main factor for microcytic anemia, while folate or Vitamin B12 deficiencies are known to be responsible for macrocytic anemia. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of anemia in our area and its association with the lack nutrients.
Materials and Methods: General demographic details such as age, gender, weight, economic status of the parents, etc were taken for 392 children between the ages of 6 months to 5 years. Blood samples were taken for all the patients for hemoglobin levels and estimation of iron, folic acid and Vitamin B12.
Results: 179 (45.7%) patients were found to be anemic. Of them, 91 (50.8%) were with mild anemia, 76 (44.1%) were with moderate anemia. Severe anemia accounted for only 9 (5.0%) of the cases. Out of patients, the most prevalent age group with anemia was found to be 12-<24 months, followed by 6-<12 months. Of the micronutrients testes, iron deficiency either pure or mixed with other nutrients was the most predominant with folic acid deficiency being the lowest.
Conclusion: Proper food, rich in nutrients, iron supplements are some of the essential requirements with regular check ups for the children below 5 years. Education regarding the importance of nutrition and harmful effects of iron deficiency on the child must be given.
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References
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29. Agho KE, Dibley MJ, D'Este C, Gibberd R. Factors associated with haemoglobin concentration among Timor-Leste children aged 6-59 months. J Health Popul Nutr. 2008 Jun;26(2):200-9.
30. Mamiro PS, Kolsteren P, Roberfroid D, Tatala S, Opsomer AS, Van Camp JH. Feeding practices and factors contributing to wasting, stunting, and irondeficiency anaemia among 3-23 month old children in Kilosa district, rural Tanzania. J Health Popul Nutr. 2005;23(3):222-30. [PubMed]
31. Tympa-Psirropoulou E, Vagenas C, Dafni O, Matala A, Skopouli F. Environmental risk factors for iron defi ciency anemia in children 12-24 months old in the area of Thessalia in Greece. Hippokratia. 2008;12(4):240-50.
32. Ngnie-Teta I, Receveur O, Kuate-Defo B. Risk factors for moderate to severe anemia among children in Benin and Mali: insights from a multilevel analysis. Food Nutr Bull. 2007 Mar;28(1):76-89. [PubMed]
33. Silva LS, Giuglian ER, Aerts DR. [Prevalence and risk factors for anemia among children in Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2001 Feb;35(1):66-73. [PubMed]
34. Oliveira RS, Diniz Ad Ada S, Benigna MJ, Miranda-Silva SM, Lola MM, Goncalves MC, Asciutti-Moura L, Rivera MA, Santos LM. [Magnitude, geographic distribution and trends of anemia in preschoolers, Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2002 Feb;36(1):26-32.
35. Batista Filho M, Rissin A. [Nutritional transition in Brazil: geographic and temporal trends]. Cad Saude Publica. 2003;19 Suppl 1:S181-91. Epub 2003 Jul 21. [PubMed]
2. Stoltzfus RJ, Chwaya HM, Tielsch JM, Schulze KJ, Albonico M, Savioli L. Epidemiology of iron deficiency anemia in Zanzibari schoolchildren: the importance of hookworms. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jan;65(1):153-9. [PubMed]
3. Malhotra AK, Srivastava RN. A study on impact of socioeconomic status on haemoglobin levels of rural school children of district Wardha. Indian J Prev Soc Med 1982; 13 : 95-99. [PubMed]
4. Hedberg K, Shaffer N, Davachi F, Hightower A, Lyamba B, Paluku KM, Nguyen-Dinh P, Breman JG. Plasmodium falciparum-associated anemia in children at a large urban hospital in Zaire. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993 Mar;48(3):365-71. [PubMed]
5. Premji Z, Hamisi Y, Shiff C, Minjas J, Lubega P, Makwaya C. Anaemia and Plasmodium falciparum infections among young children in an holoendemic area, Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Acta Trop. 1995 Mar;59(1):55-64. [PubMed]
6. World Health Organization Iron deficiency anemia assessment, prevention and control. A guide for programme managers. Geneva; WHO; 2001.
7. Villalpando S, Shamah-Levy T, Ramírez-Silva CI, Mejía-Rodríguez F, Rivera JA. Prevalence of anemia in children 1 to 12 years of age. Results from a nationwide probabilistic survey in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex. 2003;45 Suppl 4:S490-8.
8. DeMaeyer EM, Dallman P, Gurney JM, Hallberg L, Sood SK,vSrikantia SG. Preventing and controlling iron deficiency anaemia through primary health care. Geneva : World Health Organization; 1989 p. 8-9.
9. Fleming AF, Werblińska B. Anaemia in childhood in the guinea savanna of Nigeria. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1982 Dec;2(4):161-73. [PubMed]
10. Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Greenwood AM, Byass P, Jammeh K, Marsh K, Tulloch S, Oldfield FS, Hayes R. Mortality and morbidity from malaria among children in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81(3):478-86. [PubMed]
11. Rolo S, Morgado M. Anemia: terapêutica farmacológica. Rev de la Ofil. 2006; (16): 34-40. [PubMed]
12. Freire WB, Dirren H, Barclay D. Iron deficiency anemia in Ecuador In: Hercberg S, Galan P, Dupin H.Recent knowledge on iron and folate deficiencies in the world. Paris: Collogue INSEAM; 1990. p. 47-54.
13. Batista Filho M, Migliolo TC. Alimentação e nutrição no nordeste do Brasil. Recife: Instituto Materno Infantil Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP); 2006.
14. Dallman PR, Siimes MA, Stekel A. Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980 Jan;33(1):86-118.
15. Torres MA, Sato K, Queiroz Sde S. [Anemia in children under 2 years in basic health care units in the State of São Paulo, Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 1994 Aug;28(4):290-4. [PubMed]
16. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group, WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [PubMed]
17. DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. World Health Stat Q. 1985;38(3):302-16. [PubMed]
18. Molyneux ME, 1995. The clinical manifestations and diagnosis of malaria. Pasvol G, ed. Malaria. Baillieres Clinical Infectious Diseases. Volume 2. London: Bailliere Tindall, 271–292. [PubMed]
19. Leal LP, Batista Filho M, Lira PI, Figueiroa JN, Osório MM. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors in children aged 6-59 months in Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2011 Jun;45(3):457-66. [PubMed]
20. Nguyen PH, Nguyen KC, Le Mai B, Nguyen TV, Ha KH, Bern C, Flores R, Martorell R. Risk factors for anemia in Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006 Nov;37(6):1213-23. [PubMed]
21. Magesa AS, Magesa PM. Association between anaemia and infections (HIV, malaria and hookworm) among children admitted at Muhimbili National Hospital. East Afr J Public Health. 2012 Sep;9(3):96-100. [PubMed]
22. Foote EM, Sullivan KM, Ruth LJ, Oremo J, Sadumah I, Williams TN, Suchdev PS. Determinants of anemia among preschool children in rural, western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Apr;88(4):757-64. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0560. Epub 2013 Feb 4. [PubMed]
23. Heckman J, Samie A, Bessong P, Ntsieni M, Hamandi H, Kohler M, Milam B, Scriver J, Dillingham R. Anaemia among clinically well under-fives attending a community health centre in Venda, Limpopo Province. S Afr Med J. 2010 Jul 5;100(7):445-8.
24. Kikafunda JK, Lukwago FB, Turyashemererwa F. Anaemia and associated factors among under-fives and their mothers in Bushenyi district, Western Uganda. Public Health Nutr. 2009 Dec;12(12):2302-8. doi: 10.1017/S1368980009005333. Epub 2009 Apr 6.
25. Monteiro CA, Szarfarc SC, Mondini L. [Secular trends in childhood in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (1984-1996)]. Rev Saude Publica. 2000 Dec;34(6 Suppl):62-72. [PubMed]
26. Rocha DS, Lamounier JÁ, Capanema FD, Franceschini SC, Norton RC, Costa AB, et al. Estado nutricional e prevalência de anemia em crianças que frequentam creches em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.Rev Paul Pediatr. 2008; 26(1): 6-13.
27. Neuman NA, Tanaka OY, Szarfarc SC, Guimarães PR, Victora CG. [Prevalence and risk factors for anemia in Southern Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2000 Feb;34(1):56-63.
28. Gomber S, Kumar S, Rusia U, Gupta P, Agarwal KN, Sharma S. Prevalence & etiology of nutritional anaemias in early childhood in an urban slum. Indian J Med Res. 1998 Jun;107:269-73. [PubMed]
29. Agho KE, Dibley MJ, D'Este C, Gibberd R. Factors associated with haemoglobin concentration among Timor-Leste children aged 6-59 months. J Health Popul Nutr. 2008 Jun;26(2):200-9.
30. Mamiro PS, Kolsteren P, Roberfroid D, Tatala S, Opsomer AS, Van Camp JH. Feeding practices and factors contributing to wasting, stunting, and irondeficiency anaemia among 3-23 month old children in Kilosa district, rural Tanzania. J Health Popul Nutr. 2005;23(3):222-30. [PubMed]
31. Tympa-Psirropoulou E, Vagenas C, Dafni O, Matala A, Skopouli F. Environmental risk factors for iron defi ciency anemia in children 12-24 months old in the area of Thessalia in Greece. Hippokratia. 2008;12(4):240-50.
32. Ngnie-Teta I, Receveur O, Kuate-Defo B. Risk factors for moderate to severe anemia among children in Benin and Mali: insights from a multilevel analysis. Food Nutr Bull. 2007 Mar;28(1):76-89. [PubMed]
33. Silva LS, Giuglian ER, Aerts DR. [Prevalence and risk factors for anemia among children in Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2001 Feb;35(1):66-73. [PubMed]
34. Oliveira RS, Diniz Ad Ada S, Benigna MJ, Miranda-Silva SM, Lola MM, Goncalves MC, Asciutti-Moura L, Rivera MA, Santos LM. [Magnitude, geographic distribution and trends of anemia in preschoolers, Brazil]. Rev Saude Publica. 2002 Feb;36(1):26-32.
35. Batista Filho M, Rissin A. [Nutritional transition in Brazil: geographic and temporal trends]. Cad Saude Publica. 2003;19 Suppl 1:S181-91. Epub 2003 Jul 21. [PubMed]
CITATION
DOI: 10.17511/ijpr.2016.i04.11
Published: 2016-04-30
How to Cite
Dr Sailendra Kumar Yeluri. (2016). Prevalence of anemia and its etiology: a study in a semi urban area. Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research, 3(4), 266-271. https://doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2016.i04.11
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Copyright (c) 2016 Author (s). Published by Siddharth Health Research and Social Welfare Society
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